介绍几个实用性的法律词汇及相关句型
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目录
1.Otherwise
2.Amendment
3. Attorney
4. Bar
5. Bench
6.Prosecute
7. Subject
8. without prejudice to
9. for the purpose(s) of
10. Provided that
11. Notwithstanding
12. Save
13. “以上”、“以下”的因为表达
1. otherwise
1、除……外;
2、其他……
主要有三种搭配:
1. 跟unless引导的句子(让步状语从句)连用,表示“除外”含义。
2. 置放在连词or之后使用,表示“及其他”的意思。
3. 与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。意思是“除……外”,这里需要指出的是,“otherwise than”通常指“除以……方式之外”,这是该句型区别于“unless……otherwise”的特点。
第一、 与unless搭配,表示“除外”含义。
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality.
在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself.
根据第(1)款发出的通知书﹐除其中另有订定外﹐亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入﹐一如适用于该项财产本身。
In this contract, unless the context otherwise requires, “goods” means……
在本协议所称“货物”,除条款另有规定外,是指……
Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided……
除成文法另有规定外……
由此可见,在otherwise和unless搭配使用时,unless放在从句句首,而otherwise放在主语和谓语之间,即:
unless 主语 otherwise 谓语
如果使用被动语态,则otherwise放在主语和be动词后面,谓语的过去分词前面,即:
unless 主语 be动词 otherwise 谓语的过去分词
第二、置放在连词or之后使用,表示“以及其他,或者其他”的意思。
Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence.
任何人籍恐吓﹑怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证﹐即属犯罪。
If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not have been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board.
如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而属同一宗申索的被告人﹐法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一人﹐而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得﹐执行程序亦可向该受件人进行﹐即使任何其它共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件﹐或不属当事人﹐或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内﹐均无例外。
第三、与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。意思是“除……外”,这里需要指出的是,“otherwise than”通常指“除以……方式之外”,这是该句型区别于“unless……otherwise”的特点。
No will or any part thereof shall be revoked otherwise than
(a) by marriage as provided by section 13; or
(b) by another will executed in accordance with section 5; or
(c) by a written revocation executed in the manner in which the will was executed; or
(d) by the burning, tearing or otherwise destroying of it by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking it
除籍以下方式外﹐任何遗嘱的全部或任何部分﹐均不得撤销–
(a) 根据第13条的规定籍缔结婚姻而撤销﹔或
(b) 按照第5条签立的另一份遗嘱而撤销﹔或
(c) 依照签立遗嘱方式签立的遗嘱撤销书而撤销﹔或
(d) 立遗嘱人﹑或由其它人在立遗嘱人面前并依其指示﹐将遗嘱烧毁﹑撕毁或以其它方法毁灭﹐而其意愿是撤销该遗嘱。
从上面的例句可以看出,otherwise than总是作副词,用来修饰前面的动词,后面主要是接一种方式,所以,该句型通常都是:
动词 otherwise than by。
除了otherwise than以外,还有other than的句型。other than和otherwise than的意思一样,但语法不同。other than修饰动词时,语法结构与otherwise than相同,但是other than除了可以修饰动词,还可以修饰名词。
例如:Any person guilty of an offence under this Part, other than an offence under section 3, shall be liable……
在上面这句中,other than后面直接接的就是名词。但是,otherwise than后面绝对不能加名词。
2. Amendment
一词有两个主要意思:一是(宪法、制定法等的)修正案或补充条款,二是(宪法、制定法等的)修订(程序)。
例1:The Constitution of the United States outlines the duties and powers of various elements of government. It also guarantees basic rights to citizens. There are 27 amendments to the Federal Constitution.
《美国宪法》规定政府各个部门的职责与权力。它同时保证公民的基本权利。联邦宪法共有27个修正案。
例2: The criminal law amendments abolished the crime of “counter-revolutionary” activity.
刑法的修正条款废除了“反革命”活动罪。
例3 In 1967 the U. S. Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed the right to a jury in state criminal trials.
美国最高法院于1967年认定,第14条修正案保证州刑事审判中获得陪审团的权利。
3. Attorney
attorney 在美语中常常指律师、代理人。如attorney at law 专指律师,attorney of record 是指记录在案的律师,attorney of the day 指值班律师。也许正由于这一原因,attorney 的另一个重要的意义“检察官”反而被忽视了。
例 The defendant has the right to an attorney . If the defendant cannot afford an attorney, and if the court declares the defendant to be indigent, the court will appoint an attorney for that person.
被告人有获得律师辩护权。如果被告人无力聘请律师,同时法院认定其为贫困被告人,则法院将为其指派一名律师。
When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people’s court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal.
如果某人委托他人代为诉讼,其必须向人民法院提交由其签名或盖章的《授权委托书》。
4. bar
bar的最初意思是“围栏”,后通常表示“律师(总称)”,有时也表示“法律界”、“法庭”。
例1:In England and Wales, a barrister is a member of one of the Inns of Court; he has passed examinations and spent one year in pupilage before being called to the bar.
在英格兰和威尔士,出庭律师是“四大律师公会”之一的成员;在获得律师资格前,他必须经过一年的学习培训并通过各项考试。
bar一词的法律意思大概有三种:
1、法庭(tribunal;lawcourt);
2、法律界(legal profession);
3、律师(总称)(lawyers collectively)。
最初,法官为显示身份会坐在橡木椅子上,后来就称此类法官以及王室法院为bench;另外,法庭会用围栏将法官与诉讼当事人隔开,凡事代理当事人出庭的律师与当事人都会站在围栏后,于是律师便统称为bar。
例2:Attorneys must be admitted to the bar before they can practice law in the United States.
在美国,律师在执业之前,必须先获得律师资格。
例3:The requirements for admission vary among the states, but generally an applicant must be of good moral character, have completed a stated course of study at a law school, and have passed a bar examination.
录用的要求因各州而异,但是一般来讲,申请者必须具备良好的品行,已经在法学院修完了指定的学业,并且已经通过了律师资格考试。
Inns of Court,特指伦敦的“四大律师公会”,包括:Lincoln’s Inn (林肯公会)、Gray’s Inn (格雷公会)、the Inner Temple (内殿公会)以及the Middle Temple (中殿公会)。Inns of Court有时也被翻译为“出庭律师公会”、“律师学院”等。
与bar相关的短语有:the bench and bar(法官与律师)、bar to divorce(受理离婚案件的法庭)、Bar Examination(律师资格考试)、Bar Association(律师协会)、Bar Association, Hong Kong(香港大律师公会)、China Bar Association(中华律师协会)。中华律师协会负责注册律师的管理与监督工作。
5. bench
在法律英语中,不可以想当然地将bench译为“椅子”,通常翻译为“法官”、“法官席”、“裁判庭/法院”等。在本文中,还需要注意bench conference这一术语。
例1:By the early 13th century although purely local courts had not been abolished, the supremacy of the central courts that had evolved from the Curia Regis, namely, the Court of Exchequer, the Court of Common Pleas, and King’s Bench, was establish.
例2:Less serious offenses don’t require a jury, and even in serious cases (if state law allows), the defendant can waive his or her rights to a jury trial. Such proceedings are called bench trials where the judge serves as both trier of fact and law.
情节不严重的犯罪不需要陪审团审判,甚至在严重的案件中(如果州法律允许),被告人也可以放弃其获得陪审团审判的权利。这种程序被称为“法官审”,即法官同时充当事实和法律的裁判人。
例3:If a witness on direct examination invents an answer that is likely to affect the outcome of the trial, opposing counsel may object and request a bench conference.
如果证人在回答直接询问时虚构答案,而这种回答有可能影响审判的结果时,对方律师可以提出反对,并请求庭审会谈。
解释:与bench conference紧密相连的还有一个短语,就是approach the bench(双方律师都可以请求法官允许其“靠近法官席”,律师通常站在法官席旁,就争议问题低声会谈)。
与bench相关的术语还有:the bench and bar (法官和律师)、bench legislation (法官立法,也称judicial legislation, 或judge-made law, 及“法官造法”)
6. Prosecute
Prosecute一词有两个含义:
(1) to commence and carry out a legal action,即发动或提起法律诉讼,
例如:Because the plaintiff failed to prosecute its contractual claims, the court dismissed the suit;
(2) to institute and pursue a criminal action against (a person), 即对某人提起刑事诉讼,
例如:The notorious felon has been prosecuted in seven states. (Black’s Law Dictionary. 8th ed.)
可见本次的用法不仅限于民事诉讼中的起诉,还可用于刑事诉讼的提起。
(1) a legal officer who represents the state or federal government in criminal proceedings,
即刑事诉讼中的代表国家提出检控的检察官。
(2) a private person who institutes and carries on a legal action, esp. a criminal action. (Black’s Law Dictionary. 8th ed. )可见该词也可用于指提起诉讼的个人。因此,当欲表达“公诉人”、“检察官”时,宜用public prosecutor.
Procuratorate一词在英美法律英语中无处觅得,在中国则用People’s Procuratorate来表示“人民检察院”。
7. subject
subject一词在普通英语中作名词解作“主题”和“臣民”,作动词解作“使服从”和“使蒙受”。subject to … 是形容词,它在法律翻译英译汉中,至少有五六种不同的译法。虽然各种译法都不尽相同,但核心意思大同小异。不管译成“以 … 为条件”、“根据 … 规定”,还是译成“在符合 … 情况下”等,但中心意思是“受制于”有关条款或须“依照”有关条款办事。因此,“根据 … 规定”是最直截了当的翻译。
例如:Subject to this section, the payment shall be ……
根据本条约定,款项的支付应当……
Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection (5).
在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。
subject to该短语在法律英语中一般都跟agreement, section, contract等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。
另外,在法律法规的翻译实践中,我们也经常可以看到subject to用来表达“经…(审查批准),如:
The establishment of a joint venture within Chinese territory must be subject to the examination and approval by MOFTEC.
在中国境内设立合营企业,必须经对外贸易合作部审查批准。
8. without prejudice to
without prejudice to这个短语的功能相当于without affecting, 通常在后面跟一个指代某项法律条款的名词,与 “subject to…”的句法结构相同。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度,没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定,后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。
在汉语中,其意思相当于“在不损害……的原则下”、“在不影响……的情况下”、“…… 不受影响”、“ 不妨碍……”、以及“不规限……”等等。例:
Without prejudice to section 24, the following shall be treated as properly executed
在不影响24条规定的原则下,以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立。
Without prejudice to your powers and discretions, we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following:
在不妨碍贵行权力和任意决定权的情况下,本公司兹授权贵行或贵行代理行采取包括但是不限于下列的任何行动
Without prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General every complainant or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf.
在不损害律政司权利的原则下﹐每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发﹐并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。
9. for the purpose(s) of
翻译含for the purpose(s) of的短语时,首先看它后面跟的是什么。
1. 如果紧跟这个短语的是某个法律条款的指代编号(如章、条、款、节等),首选的翻译是“就(有关)章、条、款、节而言”
2. 其次是“为了实施该(条法例)”。
3. 如果原文中的“for the purpose(s) of…”与“章、条、款、节等”无关,而该短语又可以用“for”或“in order to”去取代(这种用法在法律英文中属于少数),则可译成“为了”。
例句: For the purposes of this Law, the one-person company with limited liability means a company with limited liability where there is only one shareholder who is a natural person or a legal person.
本法所称(也就是就本法而言)一人有限责任公司,是指只有一个自然人股东或者一个法人股东的有限责任公司。
A judge may, on the application of an appellant who is in custody, order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of attending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein.
法官可应在羁押中的上诉人的申请﹐为了使上诉人能出席其上诉或其中任何申请或法律程序而命令将他在羁押下带上法庭。
总之,For the purposes of最恰当的翻译首选“就…而言”, 其次是“为施行…条款”。如果没有紧跟条款的话,而此短语又可为 in order to代替,才能翻译为“为了…” 当然如果purpose前有形容词修饰,如 for the commercial purpose,则必须翻译为“为了商业目的”。
10. Provided that
常出现在法律英语尤其是合约条款中,常常用到。其用法与if或but非常类似,汉语中的意思相当于“如”或者“但”。但要注意它的位置。
1. 如果该句型放在句首, 引导出的是法律英语中的条件分句,与if ,when, where引导出的法律条件句没有本质上的差异,可译为“如”
2. 但是如果该短语之前存在一个主句,则它表示的是一个与之前陈述相反的例外, 相当于“with exception of,”, 翻译成“但”。 法律界通常称呼这类句子为“ 但书”(proviso)。
例: Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A new Tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant.
如在本合约规定的租期届满后业主接受租金或中间收益,不应被认为是起了放弃或违背本合约的任何条件的作用,也不应认为是起了作为继续租用或者其他的新租期的作用。新租约只能是业主和租户签署的新书面租赁合同。
At the end of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease, provided that the renewed term may not exceed twenty years commencing on the date of renewal.
租赁期间届满,当事人可以续订租赁合同,但约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。
11. Notwithstanding
Notwithstanding在法律英语中的翻译与although, though, even if使用并没有太大区别,基本上都可以翻译成“尽管…”, “即使…”,表示一种让步,但是它引导的并不是让步状语从句,而只是一个名词性短语。
例Notwithstanding any law or practice to the contrary, it shall be lawful for the court in any proceedings for an offence under Part II to comment on the failure of the accused to give evidence on oath.
即使任何法律或者惯例有相反的规定,在因第II部所订罪行而进行的法律程序中,法庭可就被控人不宣誓做供一事加以评论。
例:Notwithstanding subsection (3) a magistrate may require the police officer, usher or other officer who served a summons to attend before him and give evidence on oath as to its service.
尽管有第(3)的规定,裁判官仍可规定送达传票的警务人员、传达员或其他人员在他席前,就送达传票一事经宣誓而作证。
在合同翻译,尤其是英译中时,我们经常可以见到”notwithstanding the foregoing“之类的句子,通常这类句子可以直接译为“尽管有上述规定”。
所以, Notwithstanding最典型的用法和 subject to…, for the purpose of相似, 后面跟的总是law/ordinance或者section/subsection之类法律或者法律条款的指代词,对应的汉语就是千篇一律的“尽管有…法例/条款的规定”
12. save
在法律英语中,save 是一个与 except(for)相同的介词, 汉语翻译为“除—外”,不管save还是 except(for),之后都可以跟一个名词性短语,也可以跟一个从句或者另一个介词短语。香港的法律常用save,而内地法律常用except/except for来表达“除…之外”的意思。下面分别举几个例子。
例1. Save as is provided in this Ordinance, no claim within the jurisdiction of the Board shall be actionable in any court.
除非本条例另有规定外,则凡属仲裁司法管辖权范围内的索赔,不得在任何法庭进行诉讼。
例2. Save as provided in subsection (2) … 除第(2)款另有规定外…
例3. 任何单位或个人实施他人专利的,除本法第十四条规定的以外,都必须与专利权人订立书面实施许可合同,向专利权人支付专利使用费。(专利法第12条)
Except as provided in Article 14 of this Law, any entity or individual exploiting the patent of another must conclude a written contract with the patentee and pay the patentee a fee for the exploitation of its or his patent …
例4. 除依照本法第七十五条的规定作出保留外,承运人或者代其签发提单的人签发的提单,是承运人已经按照提单所载状况收到货物或者货物已经装船的初步证据;… (海商法 第77条)
Except for the note made in accordance with the provisions of Article 75 of this Code, the bill of lading issued by the carrier or the other person acting on his behalf is prima facie evidence of the taking over or loading by the carrier of the goods as described therein …
注意:save/except as (is) provided /stipulated 可以用另一个法律上常用的句式去取代:unless otherwise provided/stipulated 功能与其相同,可以是一个标准的替代。
13. “以上”、“以下”
在我国的法律条文中,“以上”、“以下”均包括本数在内, 所以more than、above、over等词在法律英语中不能被译成“以上”。同理,under 、below等也因为不包含本数而不能被译成“以下”。
那用什么词可以最好的表达这个‘以上’和‘以下’的意思呢?根据我国现行法律条文的英文版,我们可以得出翻译如下:
1. **以上 – not less than **
2. **以下 – not more than **
3. **以上,**以下 – between not less than ** and not more than **
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